多孔矿物载体厌氧固定床处理有机废水研究

通过天然浮石和塑料多孔空心球而制成复合式多孔矿物载体应用于厌氧固定床反应器中,研究反应器挂膜性能,以及处理生活污水、啤酒废水效果,应用扫描电镜观察生物膜微生物相的形态结构.结果表明,反应器挂膜69 d后COD去除率稳定在70%以上,初次启动成功;处理生活污水中平均COD去除率为61.72%;处理啤酒废水中COD去除率高...     

煤基胶体特征及其在多孔介质中的运移行为

采集了长焰煤粉并提取其中的胶体,用激光粒度仪、红外光谱仪、扫描电镜和Zeta电位仪对煤基胶体的特征进行了定性和定量表征,研究了煤基胶体在石英砂的多孔介质柱中的运移特征及p H值、阳离子等环境因子的影响。结果表明,该方法提取煤基胶体的实测粒径与理论计算粒径基本吻合,煤基胶体表面具有丰富的褶皱和极其丰富的孔隙结构并呈片状,煤基胶体的化学组成以芳香烃为主,在试验范围内,煤基胶体的Zeta电位在-34.0~-21.2 e V,随p H值升高而下降。溶液p H=7时,煤基胶体在多孔介质中的运移能力最强,c/c0为0.664,增加p H值或降低p H值,运移能力下降。Ca离子对煤基在多孔介质中的运移具有明显的抑制作用,当离子强度IS(Ca Cl2)由0.001 mmol/L增加到0.1 mmol/L时,胶体悬液c/c0从0.569降至0.129。     

光透法定量两相流中流体饱和度的模型及其应用

基于光透法定量流体饱和度的原理及其在两相流中的应用,设计了两组密封砂箱实验来研究气体或重非水相流体(DNAPL)在饱和孔隙介质中的迁移,观察了气体或DNAPL在孔隙介质中的迁移规律,应用并验证了2个水/气两相流中的光强-饱和度(LIS)模型,特别是建立并应用了适用于NAPL/水两相流系统的2个新LIS模型.结果表明,气体以不规则的"指状"通道向上迁移直到在砂箱顶部聚集,最终形成连续的气体分布;TCE由于自身重力的影响向下迁移直至砂箱底部,最终在砂箱中形成不规则的污染羽并在砂箱底部形成污染池.利用实验结果应用并验证4个光透法模型得到:2个水/气系统中LIS模型(WG-A和WG-B)整体适用于本实验数据;2个NAPL/水系统的LIS模型(NW-A和NW-B)得到与实测资料较吻合的结果,其中基于单个孔隙水驱替假设的模型NW-A与实验结果更加接近,对量化多孔介质中的NAPL/水系统各相饱和度具有一定的参考意义.     

Gas separation using porous cement membrane

Gas separation is a key issue in various industrial fields. Hydrogen has the potential for application in clean fuel technologies. Therefore, the separation and purification of hydrogen is an important research subject. CO2 capture and storage have important roles in ＂green chemistry＂. As an effective clean technology, gas separation using inorganic membranes has attracted much attention in the last several decades. Membrane processes have many applications in the field of gas separation. Cement is one type of inorganic material, with the advantages of a lower cost and a longer lifespan. An experimental setup has been created and improved to measure twenty different cement membranes. The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of gas molecule properties on the material transport and to explore the influence of operating conditions and membrane composition on separation efficiency. The influences of the above parameters are determined, the best conditions and membrane type are found, it is shown that cementitious material has the ability to separate gas mixtures, and the gas transport mechanism is studied.     

AN OVERVIEW OF POROUS PAVEMENT RESEARCH1

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the economics, advantages, potential applications, and status and future research needs of porous pavements. Porous pavements are an available storm water management technique which can be used on parking lots and low volume roadways in order to reduce both storm water runoff volume and pollution. In addition, ground water recharge is enhanced. Also, cost reductions result due to elimination of curbs, drains, and small sized storm sewers. Porous asphalt pavements consist of a relatively thin course of open graded asphalt mix over a deep base of large size crushed stones. Water can be stored in the crushed stone base until it can percolate into the subbase or drain laterally. Other porous pavement types include concrete lattice blocks and a porous concrete mix.     

AN EXAMINATION OF RELATIVE PERMEABILITY RELATIONS FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA1

ABSTRACT: A key parameter in modeling two-phase flow phenomena is relative permeability. It is important to understand which variables influence relative permeability, especially since so few measurements of relative permeability have been made for typical contaminants at hazardous waste sites. This paper focuses on the effect of five variables on relative permeability: intrinsic permeability, pore-size distribution, viscosity ratio, interfacial tension, and wettability, by critically reviewing previously published relative permeability experiments. The wide variability in the functional relationship between relative permeability and saturation should be considered in attempts to model two-phase flow.     

ADVANCES IN THE BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD IN SUBSURFACE FLOW1

ABSTRACT: This paper explores some of the advances of the boundary element method, as applied to ground-water problems, during the last five years. Although the method is still somewhat limited compared to solution by finite elements, the range of solutions has increased considerably. Diffusion and advection-diffusion solutions are done efficiently. These include the incorporation of inhomogeneity, anisotropy, and nonlinear diffusion. The difficult problem of stream-aquifer interaction is an important application as it is much easier to follow a free surface with its multiple configurations. The application must be able to cycle between ground-water connection and disconnection with the stream and include seepage surfaces. Flow in fractured media is a natural application where the flow in fractures can usually be treated without a computational exception in spite of extremely high aspect ratios. The case of seawater intrusion forms a type of free surface problem and thus is a case for which the method has special advantages. For these and other applications the boundary element method provides an inexpensive technique for calculation where the data preparation and setup time is minimal. In most of these cases, programs can and have been written on microcomputers.     

Saturated and Unsaturated Water Flow in Inclined Porous Media

This paper considers the two-dimensional saturated and unsaturated flow of water through inclined porous media, namely a waste dump or hill slope. Since the partial differential equation governing this water flow transforms from being parabolic to elliptic as the water flow varies from unsaturated to saturated, an iterative, finite differencing scheme is used to develop a numerical solution. The model can be used to investigate the effects that hill slope angle, depth of soil cover and hilltop width have on water accumulation in the dump and the time required for saturation to occur at different areas in the dump domain. The accuracy and reliability of the computer based solution is tested for two different boundary conditions – (1) no flow on all boundaries (i.e., the internal redistribution of soil moisture to steady state) and (2) a constant rainfall flux on the dump surface. Numerical studies then show the effects of changing the hill slope angle, depth of layer, and dump geometry on the flow characteristics in the dump.     

One-dimensional simulation of solute transfer in saturated–unsaturated porous media using the discontinuous finite elements method

A one-dimensional transport model for simulating water flow and solute transport in homogeneous–heterogeneous, saturated–unsaturated porous media is presented. The model is composed of a combination of accurate numerical algorithms for solving the nonlinear Richard's and advection–dispersion equations (ADE). The mixed form of Richard's equation is solved using a standard finite element method (FEM) with primary variable switching. The transport equation is solved using operator splitting, with the discontinuous finite element method (DFE) for discretization of the advective term. A slope limiting procedure for DFE avoids numerical instabilities but creates very limited numerical dispersion for high Peclet numbers. An implicit finite differences scheme (FD) is used for the dispersive term.The unsaturated flow and transport model (Wamos-T) is applied to a variety of rigorous problems including transient flow, heterogeneous medium and abrupt variations of velocity in magnitude and direction due to time-varying boundary conditions. It produces accurate and mass-conservative solutions for a very large range of grid Peclet numbers. The Wamos-T model is a good and robust alternative for the simulation of mass transport in unsaturated domain.     

Fabrication and characterization of electrospun porous cellulose acetate nanofibrous mats incorporated with capric acid as form-stable phase change materials for storing/retrieving thermal energy

Electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibrous mats incorporated with capric acid was studied to fabricate form-stable phase change materials (PCMs) for storing/retrieving thermal energy. Electrospun CA nanofibrous mats with different porous structures and specific surface areas were firstly prepared through regulating the volume ratio of mixture solvent of acetone/dichloromethane (DCM). Effects of different volume ratio of mixture solvent and mat thickness on the morphological structure, specific surface area, and absorption capacity of CA nanofibrous mats were systematically investigated. The results indicated that CA nanofibrous mats were highly porous on the surface; hence, they were capable of absorbing a large amount of capric acid. The maximum absorption capacity of CA mats via electrospinning with volume ratio of acetone/DCM being 5/5 was ~95.8 wt%, due to its higher specific surface area of ~17.1 m²/g. The specific surface area and capric acid absorption capacity of CA nanofibrous mats increased with the increases of mat thickness. As the thickness of nanofibrous mats increased from 10 to 85 μm, the corresponding specific surface area and capric acid absorption capacity of mats increased respectively from 7.2 to 29.0 m²/g and 92.1 to 98.5%. Morphological structures, as well as the properties of thermal energy storage and thermal insulation of the fabricated form-stable PCMs, were studied by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and measurement of freezing times, respectively. The results indicated that the resulting form-stable PCMs could well maintain their phase transition characteristics and demonstrated great thermal energy storage capability and temperature regulation ability.